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Overview of different aspects of gene expression, including transcription, chromatin modification, and analysis of whole genomes, from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass, USA.
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Regulation of Gene Expression Exploring the role of the transcription apparatus, chromatin and signaling pathways in regulation of genome expression with DNA microarrays. GDS: Graphical Display Suite Tools for displaying and interacting with genome-wide expression and location. Download Data Download Genome-wide Location and Expression...Multiple choice questions about post-transcriptional modification of RNA, promoters, and nuclear RNA processing. From: University of Arizona, USA 1997.
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Eukaryotic Gene Expression Problem Set The following problems have multiple choice answers. Correct answers are reinforced with a brief explanation. Incorrect answers are linked to tutorials to help solve the problem. Post transcriptional modification to the 3 end of eukaryotic mRNAs Features of eukaryotic mRNAs...Explanation of how the information encoded in mRNA is translated into a polypeptide. Includes differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes by John W. Kimball, now retired from Harvard College.
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Ribosomes They translate the information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) into a polypeptide. Link to a description of the process Ribosomes are roughly spherical. With a diameter of ~20 nm, they can be seen only with the electron microscope. They can...Illustrated explanation of the ribosomal protein synthesis by Gwen V. Childs, University of Texas, Galveston, TX.
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The Ribosome A in our chromosomes replicates so each daughter cell has an identical set of chromosome. In addition, the DNA is responsible for coding for all proteins. Each amino acid is designated by one or more set of triplet nucleotides. The...An online textbook on chromosomes, principles of genetic engineering, basic molecular genetics and experimental methods.
http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/FMG01.html
The US Department of Energy at Oak Ridge program for research in moleular biology: goals and results.
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Genomics GTL Program, U.S. Department of Energy A sequences of genomes for many organisms—from microbes to plants to humans. The U.S. Department of Energy's Genomics:GTL program will use the new genomic data and high-throughput technologies for studying the proteins encoded by the genome to explore the amazingly...Mercier G., Denis Y., Marc P., Picard L. and Dutreix M.: Transcriptional induction of repair genes during slowing of replication in irradiated Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutation Research 487 (dec 2001)157-172: article and supporting background data.
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Mercier, G. et al Data and supplementary material Figures and tables included in the paper Figures of the paper Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Table 1 Supplementary material Data files and images Total expression kinetics (download Expression profile at 0 Gy, 200 Gy...Forum to integrate various aspects of mammary gland biology, including cellular and developmental aspects, and to promote collaborations and the exchange of ideas, knowledge and resources at NIH, Maryland.
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Biology of the Mammary Gland Text-Only...Lecture notes on nucleic acid structure, DNA replication and repair, the genetic code and translation, as well as cancer genes, from Oregon State University, USA 2003.
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Schedule of lectures Schedule has been revised as of 4/18/03 Schedule for Review Sessions: Thursday, April 17, Pharm 305, 7:00 to 9:00 PM (MP3 file) Thursday, May 8, Pharm 305, 7:00 to 9:00 PM (MP3 file) Thursday, June 5, Pharm 305, 7:00 to...Extensive catalog of links in genomics and proteomics.
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RNAZone.com The Essential LINKS for Postdocs about Genomics and Proteomics Medicine is the largest and most current clinical knowledge base...Resource for intervention in the key steps in post-translocation regulatory process, with analysis tools and implications in pathologies. Maintained by Exonhit Therapeutics SA, Paris, France.
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The Alternative Splicing website The human genome sequencing project (Venter et al 2001) estimated the number of human genes to be between 30,000-40,000, which is much less than the previous estimates based on analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs, 100,000 to 150,000 genes This...Resource for transcription events during gene formation including schematic diagrams.
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Transcription The majority of genes are expressed as the proteins they encode. The process occurs in two steps: Transcription DNA RNA Translation RNA protein Taken together, they make up the central dogma of biology: DNA RNA protein. Here is an overview....Report on a project to analyze the transcriptional regulatory circuitry of the yeast cell. From the Young Lab at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research.
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Genome-Wide Expression How gene expression depends on components of transcriptional machinery RNA Polymerase II SRB/Mediator Core Complex SRB10 CDK Complex SWI/SNF Complex General Transcription Factors SAGA Search for component: How expression of gene X depends on multiple components of the machinery Search...Chapter from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA) introductory hypertextbook on molecular biology.
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Prokaryotic Genetics and Gene Expression Chapter Other regulated systems in prokaryotes Practice Problems hyperbio@mit.edu...Clear explanation of the process of comparing the gene expression in two cell populations or tissue samples by fluorescent microarray technique.
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Anatomy of a Comparative Gene Expression Study A microarrays are perfectly suited for comparing gene expression in different populations of cells. The hows and whys of such an experiment provide insight into the power of microarrays, their limitations, and the kinds of biological questions which they can...A collection of diagrams illustrating the fundamentals of molecular biology.
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Control of Gene Expression Examples of regulation at each of the steps are known, although for most genes the main site of control is step 1: transcription of a DNA sequence into RNA. Download an Adobe Acrobat pdf) version of the image for printing....Explanation of Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE), a method for analysis of gene expression patterns.
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Serial Analysis of Gene Expression Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a powerful tool that allows the analysis of overall gene expression patterns with digital analysis. Because SAGE does not require a preexisting clone, it can be used to identify and quantitate new genes...Article in Wikipedia.
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Gene expression Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Gene expression is a multi-step process that begins with transcription and translation and is followed by folding, post-translational modification and targeting. The amount of protein that a cell expresses depends on the tissue, the developmental stage of the organism and...Wikipedia article on the untranslated regions at the ends of mRNA.
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3 UTR Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Like all strands of nucleic acid, mRNA is directional. One end is the 5 five prime) end, the other is the 3 three prime) end. When a ribosome uses messenger RNA's sequence to build a protein (the process is called...Wikipedia article on the process in eukaryotes in which the splicing process of a pre-mRNA can lead to different ripe mRNA molecules and therefore to different proteins.
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Alternative splicing Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Various modes of alternative splicing Alternative splicing is the process that occurs in eukaryotes in which the splicing process of a pre-mRNA can lead to different ripe mRNA molecules and therefore to different proteins. Also viruses have adapted to this...Wikipedia article on enhancers, short pieces of DNA which bind to trans-acting factors to enhance transcription levels of genes.
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Enhancer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A which can be bound with proteins (namely, the trans-acting factors, much like a set of transcription factors) to enhance transcription levels of genes (hence the name) in a gene-cluster. An enhancer does not need to be particularly close to...Wikipedia article on processes that lead to inheritance that is not reflected in the sequences of the nuclear DNA.
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Epigenetics Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The term epigenetics has over time been used in various senses, in part because the Greek prefix epi- has at least six meanings in English (including on after and in addition but also because various theories of epigenetic development, inheritance,...Wikipedia article on regions in genes that are expressed in mature mRNA and in proteins.
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Exon Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A within a gene that are not spliced out from the transcribed RNA and are retained in the final messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. The term exon was coined by Walter Gilbert in 1978 edit] Function In many genes, each exon...Wikipedia article on sections of genes that are eliminated by splicing in the formation of mature mRNA and therefore not expressed as proteins.
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Intron Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Diagram of the location of introns and exons within a gene. Simple illustration of exons and introns. Introns are sections of DNA within a gene that do not encode part of the protein that the gene produces, and are spliced...Wikipedia article: EST are short sub-sequences of genes, used in mRNA sequencing and in construction of DNA microarrays.
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Expressed sequence tag Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia An expressed sequence tag or EST is a short sub-sequence of a transcribed protein-coding or non-protein coding DNA sequence. It was originally intended as a way to identify gene transcripts, but has since been instrumental in gene discovery and sequence...Wikipedia article on the mechanisms that regulate gene expression.
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Gene regulation Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Gene regulation is the general term for modulation of gene expression, the cellular control of the amount and timing of appearance of the functional product of a gene. Although a functional gene product may be an RNA or a protein,...Wikipedia article on the mathematical modelling of gene expression as a network.
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Gene regulatory network Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A gene regulatory network (also called a GRN or genetic regulatory network) is a collection of DNA segments in a cell which interact with each other and with other substances in the cell, thereby governing the rates at which genes...Wikipedia article on the relationship between the nucleic acid base sequence and the corresponding polypeptide amino acid sequence.
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Genetic code Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The genetic code is a set of rules, which maps DNA sequences to proteins in the living cell, and is employed in the process of protein synthesis. Nearly all living things use the same genetic code, called the standard genetic...Wikipedia article on the suppressing of genes by chemical modification, depending on which parent they were received from.
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Imprinting (genetics Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Genomic imprinting is the phenomenon whereby genes are differentially expressed depending on the parent of origin. Normally, a healthy child cannot be produced when both sets of chromosomes come from the same parent. Imprinting of the same areas will occur...Wikipedia article on the RNA that carries information from DNA to protein synthesis.
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Messenger RNA Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A is transcribed in the nucleus; once completely processed, it is transported to the cytoplasm and translated by the ribosome. At the end of its life, the mRNA is degraded. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is RNA that encodes and carries information...Wikipedia article: Messenger RNA that codes for one polypeptide string only.
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Monocistronic Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Monocistronic is an adjective used in genetics which usually refers to messenger RNA (mRNA) and means that a single polypeptide chain will result from its translation. Its antonym is polycistronic. It is often stated that all eukaryotic mRNAs are monocistronic,...Wikipedia article: sections of DNA that do not contain codes for polypeptide sequences.
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Noncoding DNA Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A which does not contain instructions for making proteins (or other cell products such as RNAs In eukaryotes, a large percentage of many organisms total genome sizes are comprised of noncoding DNA (a puzzle known as the C-value enigma Some...Wikipedia article: group of genes in primitive organisms that are controlled by one operator and one promoter to be activated together.
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Operon Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia An operon is a group of key nucleotide sequences including an operator, a common promoter, and one or more structural genes that are controlled as a unit to produce messenger RNA (mRNA Operons occur primarily in prokaryotes and nematodes. They...Wikipedia article: chemical modification of polypeptide chains after synthesis.
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Posttranslational modification Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Posttranslational modification From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to: navigation, search Posttranslational modification means the chemical modification of a protein after its translation. It is one of the later steps in protein biosynthesis for many proteins. Posttranslational modification may involve...Wikipedia article: RNA string syntesized in the cell nucleus before modification (splicing, polyadenylation) and export to the cytoplasm.
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Pre-mRNA Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A in the nucleus of a cell by transcription. It has also been called heterogeneous nuclear RNA or hnRNA. Once pre-mRNA has been completely processed, it is termed mature mRNA, or simply mRNA. Eukaryotic pre-mRNA exists only briefly before it...Wikipedia article: in genetics a sequence locted upstream of a gene that enables its translation.
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Promoter Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A sequence that enables a gene to be transcribed. The promoter is recognized by RNA polymerase, which then initiates transcription. In RNA synthesis, promoters are a means to demarcate which genes should be used for messenger RNA creation and, by...Wikipedia article: summary of the process by which the cell converts the DNA sequence proteins.
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Protein biosynthesis Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia An overview of protein synthesis. Within the nucleus of the cell (light blue genes (DNA, dark blue) are transcribed into RNA. This RNA is then subject to post-transcriptional modification and control, resulting in a mature mRNA (red) that is then...Wikipedia article: Sequence that directs translation of UGA as selenocysteine insteado of using it as a stop codon.
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SECIS element Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A codons as selenocysteines UGA is normally a stop codon SECIS elements are thus a fundamental aspect of selenoproteins, which are proteins that include a selenocysteine residue. In eubacteria the SECIS element appears soon after the UGA codon affects. In...Wikipedia article: signals the initiation of protein synthesis in bacteria.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine-Dalgarno_sequence
Wikipedia article: short peptide sequences that direct the post-translational transport of proteins after synthesis.
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Signal peptide Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A signal peptide is a short (15-60 amino acids long) peptide chain that directs the post translational transport of a protein. Some signal peptides are cleaved from the protein by signal peptidase after the proteins are transported. Signal peptides may...Wikipedia article: particle composed of DNA and peptide chains that effects mRNA splicing in the cell nucleus of eucaryotic cells.
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Spliceosome Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A spliceosome is a complex of RNA and many protein subunits, that remove the non-coding introns from unprocessed mRNA. The mRNA of prokaryotes is simpler, and they do not have introns, so only eukaryotes have spliceosomes. The RNAs that spliceosomes...Wikipedia article: in genetics, the process of removing introns from mRNA in the cell nucleus before export to the cytoplasm and use as master for protein synthesis.
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Splicing (genetics Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Splicing is an essential process in eukaryotic pre-mRNA processing that must precede translation. Splicing occurs by a series of biochemical reactions between RNA nucleotides, which are catalyzed by proteins, RNA, or both. Simple illustration of exons and introns. The mature...Wikipedia article: in genetics the process by which a DNA sequence is converted to a corresponding RNA sequence.
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Transcription (genetics Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Transcription is the process through which a DNA sequence is enzymatically copied by an RNA polymerase to produce a complementary RNA. In other words, it is the transfer of genetic information from DNA into RNA molecule. In the case of...Wikipedia article: in genetics, the process by which ribosomes in the cytoplasm transfer the genetic code from a m-RNA sequence to an amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain.
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Translation (genetics Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Translation in the cytoplasm; tRNA carries amino acids which are added to the growing peptide chain in the ribosome. Translation is the second process of protein biosynthesis (part of the overall process of gene expression In translation, messenger RNA is...Proteins that specifically bind to promotor or enhancer regions on DNA and thereby control the transcription of the downstream gene.
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Transcription factor Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A at a specific promoter or enhancer region or site, where it regulates transcription. Transcription factors can be selectively activated or deactivated by other proteins, often as the final step in signal transduction. Contents 1 Classes 2 Motifs found in...Wikipedia article: small RNA molecules that transport amino acids to their positions on the ribosome during polypeptide synthesis.
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Transfer RNA Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The codon recognition is different for each tRNA and is determined by the anticodon region, which contains the complementary bases to the ones encountered on the mRNA. Each tRNA molecule binds only one type of amino acid, but because the...7th Conference on protein expression in animal cells, bringing experts from academia and industry together to discuss current technologies. Details of five day event held on the Island of Crete, Greece.
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7th PEACe Conference protein expression on animal cells in Knossos, Crete (Sept. 18-22, 2005) Cells is to continue a tradition of bringing experts from academia and industry together to discuss current know-how and available technologies in this field: Highlights and Objectives 1. Latest information on non-viral and viral vectors and expression systems 2. Highlights...Two day meeting organized by the UK Health Protection Agency in London.
http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpa/events...pdf/Genomics_Proteomics_2005.pdf
Independent forum for discussion of gene expression.
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Gene Expression Your browser does not support script Wednesday, October 26, 2005 High Level Diplomacy That We'll Never See Kate over at Outside the Beltway has a unique analysis for solving Canada's problems with handguns. She notes the futility of Prime Minister...Complete online issues of Gene Expression, an IngentaConnect Publication.
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IngentaConnect Publication: Gene Expression Access and authentication Article purchasing Managing your publications Usage statistics Enhancing your service Reference linking services Branding opportunities Keeping in touch Contact us For Researchers About IngentaConnect Search and browse Publications available Accessing articles Managing your account Creating marked lists...UCLA Molecular Biology Tutorials on gene expression and gene cloning
http://www.lsic.ucla.edu/ls3/tutorials
Transmission of information from a cell or multicellular organism to its descendants without that information being encoded in the nucleotide sequence of the gene. Wikipedia article.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic_inheritance